Making trend graphs

Najko Jahn

2021-08-24

Trend graphs in literature reviews show the development of concepts in scholarly communication. Some trend graphs, however, don’t acknowledge that the number of scholarly publications is growing each year, but simply display the absolute number of hits they have found for a given concept. Noam Ross called these misleading graphs evergreen review graphs because of their enduring popularity in review papers. Examples can be found on Twitter under the Hashtag #evergreenreviewgraph.

This vignette guides you how to make proper trend graphs when reviewing Europe PMC literature. In these graphs, the number of hits found is divided by the total number of records indexed in Europe PMC for a given search query.

Preparing proper review graphs with epmc_hits_trend()

We use epmc_hits_trend() function, which was firstly introduced in Maëlle Salmon’s blog post about “How not to make an evergreen review graph”1. The function takes a query in the Europe PMC search syntax2 and the period of years over which to perform the search as arguments, and returns a data-frame with year, total number of hits (all_hits) and number of hits for the query (query_hits).

library(europepmc)
europepmc::epmc_hits_trend(query = "aspirin", period = 2010:2016)
#> # A tibble: 7 × 3
#>    year all_hits query_hits
#>   <int>    <dbl>      <dbl>
#> 1  2010   851021       7219
#> 2  2011   904618       7888
#> 3  2012   945899       9054
#> 4  2013  1003845      10127
#> 5  2014  1055435      10895
#> 6  2015  1095859      11750
#> 7  2016  1116157      12099

By default, synonym search is disabled and only Medline/PubMed index is searched.

Use Cases

Use Case: Growth of Open Access Literature

There is a growing interest in knowing the proportion of open access to scholarly literature. Europe PMC allows searching for open access content with the OPEN_ACCESS:Y parameter. At the moment, Europe PMC contains 3,740,002 open access full-texts. Let’s see how they are relatively distributed over the period 1995 - 2016.

tt_oa <- europepmc::epmc_hits_trend("OPEN_ACCESS:Y", period = 1995:2016, synonym = FALSE)
tt_oa
#> # A tibble: 22 × 3
#>     year all_hits query_hits
#>    <int>    <dbl>      <dbl>
#>  1  1995   449064       3337
#>  2  1996   458526       3508
#>  3  1997   456744       3665
#>  4  1998   474613       3836
#>  5  1999   493745       3918
#>  6  2000   532019       4328
#>  7  2001   545674       5479
#>  8  2002   561426       5894
#>  9  2003   588572       7148
#> 10  2004   628141       9795
#> # … with 12 more rows
# we use ggplot2 for plotting the graph
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(tt_oa, aes(year, query_hits / all_hits)) + 
  geom_point() + 
  geom_line() +
  xlab("Year published") + 
  ylab("Proportion of OA full-texts in Europe PMC")

oa in europe pmc

Be careful with the interpretation of the slower growth in the last years because there are several ways how open access content is added to Europe PMC including the digitalization of back issues.3

Use Case: Cited open source software in scholarly publications

Another nice use case for trend graphs is to study how code and software repositories are cited in scientific literature. In recent years, it has become a good practice not only to re-use openly available software, but also to cite them. The FORCE11 Software Citation Working Group states:

In general, we believe that software should be cited on the same basis as any other research product such as a paper or book; that is, authors should cite the appropriate set of software products just as they cite the appropriate set of papers. (doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.86)

So let’s see whether we can find evidence for this evolving practice by creating a proper review graph. As a start, we examine these four general purpose hosting services for version-controlled code:

and, of course, CRAN, the R archive network.

How to query Europe PMC?

We only want to search reference lists. Because Europe PMC does not index references for its complete collection, we use has_reflist:y to restrict our search to those publications with reference lists. These literature sections can be searched with the REF: parameter.

Let’s prepare the queries for links to the above mentioned code hosting services:

dvcs <- c("code.google.com", "github.com", 
          "sourceforge.net", "bitbucket.org", "cran.r-project.org")
# make queries including reference section
dvcs_query <- paste0('REF:"', dvcs, '"')

and get publications for which Europe PMC gives access to reference lists for normalizing the review graph.

library(dplyr)
my_df <- purrr::map_df(dvcs_query, function(x) {
  # get number of publications with indexed reference lists
  refs_hits <- 
    europepmc::epmc_hits_trend("has_reflist:y", period = 2009:2016, synonym = FALSE)$query_hits
  # get hit count querying for code repositories 
  europepmc::epmc_hits_trend(x, period = 2009:2016, synonym = FALSE) %>% 
    dplyr::mutate(query_id = x) %>%
    dplyr::mutate(refs_hits = refs_hits) %>%
    dplyr::select(year, all_hits, refs_hits, query_hits, query_id)
}) 
my_df
#> # A tibble: 40 × 5
#>     year all_hits refs_hits query_hits query_id                 
#>    <int>    <dbl>     <dbl>      <dbl> <chr>                    
#>  1  2009   793068    555477         13 "REF:\"code.google.com\""
#>  2  2010   851021    540514         40 "REF:\"code.google.com\""
#>  3  2011   904618    603060         65 "REF:\"code.google.com\""
#>  4  2012   945899    635448         92 "REF:\"code.google.com\""
#>  5  2013  1003845    761512        135 "REF:\"code.google.com\""
#>  6  2014  1055435    797039        140 "REF:\"code.google.com\""
#>  7  2015  1095859    779562        117 "REF:\"code.google.com\""
#>  8  2016  1116157    782630         65 "REF:\"code.google.com\""
#>  9  2009   793068    555477          2 "REF:\"github.com\""     
#> 10  2010   851021    540514         10 "REF:\"github.com\""     
#> # … with 30 more rows

### total
hits_summary <- my_df %>% 
  group_by(query_id) %>% 
  summarise(all = sum(query_hits)) %>% 
  arrange(desc(all))
hits_summary
#> # A tibble: 5 × 2
#>   query_id                       all
#>   <chr>                        <dbl>
#> 1 "REF:\"cran.r-project.org\""  8221
#> 2 "REF:\"github.com\""          1609
#> 3 "REF:\"code.google.com\""      667
#> 4 "REF:\"sourceforge.net\""      643
#> 5 "REF:\"bitbucket.org\""         94

The proportion of papers where Europe PMC was able to make the cited literature available was 70 for the period 2009-2016. There also seems to be a time-lag between indexing reference lists because the absolute number of publication was decreasing over the years. This is presumably because Europe PMC also includes delayed open access content, i.e. content which is not added immediately with the original publication.4

Now, let’s make a proper review graph normalizing our query results with the number of publications with indexed references.

library(ggplot2)
ggplot(my_df, aes(factor(year), query_hits / refs_hits, group = query_id, 
                  color = query_id)) +
  geom_line(size = 1, alpha = 0.8) +
  geom_point(size = 2) +
  scale_color_brewer(name = "Query", palette = "Set1")+
  xlab("Year published") +
  ylab("Proportion of articles in Europe PMC")

literature links to software in europe pmc

Discussion and Conclusion

Although this figure illustrates the relative popularity of citing code hosted by CRAN and GitHub in recent years, there are some limits that needs to be discussed. As said before, Europe PMC does not extract reference lists from every indexed publication. It furthermore remains open whether and to what extent software is cited outside the reference section, i.e. as footnote or in the acknowledgements.

Another problem of our query approach is that we did not consider that DOIs can also be used to cite software, a best-practice implemented by Zenodo and GitHub or the The Journal of Open Source Software.

Lastly, it actually remains unclear, which and what kind of software is cited how often. We could also not control if authors just cited the homepages and not a particular source code repository. One paper can also cite more than one code repository, which is also not represented in the trend graph.

To conclude, a proper trend graph on the extent of software citation can only be the start for a more sophisticated approach that mines links to software repositories from scientific literature and fetches metadata about these code repositories from the hosting facilities.

Conclusion

This vignette presented first steps on how to make trend graphs with europepmc. As our use-cases suggest, please carefully consider how you queried Europe PMC in the interpretation of your graph. Although trend graphs are a nice way to illustrate the development of certain concepts in scientific literature or recent trends in scholarly communication, they must be put in context in order to become meaningful.

Acknowledgements

Big thanks to Maëlle Salmon for getting me started to write this vignette.

  1. https://masalmon.eu/2017/05/14/evergreenreviewgraph/↩︎

  2. Europe PMC Search Syntax: https://europepmc.org/Help#mostofsearch↩︎

  3. See section “Content Growth” in: McEntyre JR, Ananiadou S, Andrews S, et al. UKPMC: a full text article resource for the life sciences. Nucleic Acids Research. 2011;39(Database):D58–D65. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq1063.↩︎

  4. Ebd.↩︎